G8 - First 5 Lesson Exercises with their solutions (Computer Science)

 

Chapter1: More on History of Computer

1. Short Answer Questions

  1. Who is known as the father of computers?
    • Charles Babbage.
  2. What was the first mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage?
    • The Analytical Engine.
  3. Name the first computer programmer.
    • Ada Lovelace.
  4. What does ENIAC stand for?
    • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
  5. What was the first commercially successful computer?
    • UNIVAC I.
  6. Who developed the first high-level programming language?
    • John Backus.
  7. When was the first Apple computer released?
    • 1976.
  8. What was the significance of the IBM PC?
    • It popularized personal computing.
  9. Who invented the World Wide Web?
    • Tim Berners-Lee.
  10. What was the first graphical web browser?
    • Mosaic.
  11. What is the importance of the Turing Machine?
    • It is a theoretical model of computation that defines the limits of what can be computed.
  12. Who is credited with the concept of a programmable computer?
    • Alan Turing.
  13. What was the first portable computer?
    • Osborne 1.
  14. When was the first transistor invented?
    • 1947.
  15. What is the significance of Moore's Law?
    • It predicts the doubling of transistors on a microchip approximately every two years.
  16. What was the first widely used operating system?
    • Unix.
  17. Which company created the first microprocessor?
    • Intel.
  18. What year was Microsoft founded?
    • 1975.
  19. Who developed the first spreadsheet program, VisiCalc?
    • Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston.
  20. What was the primary use of early computers like ENIAC?
    • Military calculations and scientific research.

2. Fill in the Blanks

  1. The first electronic general-purpose computer is called the ___.
    • ENIAC.
  2. The ___ was the first microprocessor.
    • Intel 4004.
  3. The ___ is known as the first stored-program computer.
    • Manchester Baby.
  4. The first high-level programming language was ___.
    • Fortran.
  5. The ___ operating system was developed by AT&T Bell Labs.
    • Unix.
  6. The first commercial computer, UNIVAC I, was delivered in the year ___.
    • 1951.
  7. ___ invented the first successful magnetic drum memory.
    • Gustav Tauschek.
  8. The ___ was the first computer mouse prototype.
    • Trackball.
  9. ___ developed the concept of a computer network.
    • J.C.R. Licklider.
  10. The first spreadsheet application was called ___.
    • VisiCalc.
  11. ___ is considered the first personal computer.
    • Altair 8800.
  12. The ___ programming language was developed for business applications.
    • COBOL.
  13. ___ is known for the development of the Linux operating system.
    • Linus Torvalds.
  14. The ___ is the primary processing unit of a computer.
    • CPU.
  15. The ___ is a pivotal computer network that led to the creation of the Internet.
    • ARPANET.
  16. The first electronic computer used for cryptanalysis was called ___.
    • Colossus.
  17. ___ developed the first compiler.
    • Grace Hopper.
  18. The first widely used programming language for artificial intelligence was ___.
    • LISP.
  19. The ___ was the first computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI).
    • Xerox Alto.
  20. The ___ programming language is commonly used for scientific calculations.
    • Fortran.

3. Full Forms

  1. ENIAC
    • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
  2. UNIVAC
    • Universal Automatic Computer.
  3. IBM
    • International Business Machines.
  4. CPU
    • Central Processing Unit.
  5. RAM
    • Random Access Memory.
  6. ROM
    • Read-Only Memory.
  7. ALU
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit.
  8. VLSI
    • Very Large Scale Integration.
  9. LAN
    • Local Area Network.
  10. WAN
    • Wide Area Network.
  11. BIOS
    • Basic Input/Output System.
  12. GUI
    • Graphical User Interface.
  13. OS
    • Operating System.
  14. DOS
    • Disk Operating System.
  15. HTTP
    • HyperText Transfer Protocol.
  16. FTP
    • File Transfer Protocol.
  17. URL
    • Uniform Resource Locator.
  18. HTML
    • HyperText Markup Language.
  19. USB
    • Universal Serial Bus.
  20. SSD
    • Solid State Drive.

7. Long Answer Questions

  1. Describe the evolution of computers from the first generation to the present.
    • The first generation of computers (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes and were very large. The second generation (1956-1963) used transistors, which made them smaller and more efficient. The third generation (1964-1971) introduced integrated circuits, further reducing size and cost. The fourth generation (1971-present) uses microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers. The fifth generation is focused on artificial intelligence and advanced computing technologies.
  2. What are the main contributions of Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace to the field of computing?
    • Charles Babbage is known for designing the first mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer due to her work on Babbage's machine, where she created an algorithm intended for the Analytical Engine.
  3. Explain the significance of the Turing Machine and its impact on modern computing.
    • The Turing Machine, conceptualized by Alan Turing, is a theoretical model that defines the limits of what can be computed. It laid the groundwork for the modern theory of computation and the development of algorithms.
  4. Discuss the impact of the invention of the transistor on the development of computers.
    • The invention of the transistor revolutionized computing by replacing bulky vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable computers. It marked the beginning of the second generation of computers and paved the way for modern electronics.
  5. How did the development of the Internet transform the computing world?
    • The Internet revolutionized communication, allowing computers worldwide to connect and share information. It led to the development of the World Wide Web, e-commerce, social media, and countless other technologies that have transformed daily life.
  6. What role did IBM play in the popularization of personal computers?
    • IBM's introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 set the standard for personal computing. Its open architecture and widespread adoption by businesses and consumers helped popularize the use of personal computers.
  7. Explain the contributions of John von Neumann to computer architecture.
    • John von Neumann proposed the stored-program concept, where instructions and data are stored in the same memory space. This architecture is the foundation of most modern computers.
  8. How did the introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) change computer usage?
    • GUIs made computers more accessible by allowing users to interact with visual icons and menus rather than text-based commands. This increased user-friendliness and expanded the computer's user base.
  9. Describe the significance of the ARPANET and its role in the development of the Internet.
    • ARPANET was the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite and is considered the precursor to the Internet. It demonstrated the feasibility of a networked world and laid the technical groundwork for the global Internet.
  10. What were the major milestones in the development of operating systems?
    • Major milestones include the development of early systems like Unix, the introduction of the graphical interface with Macintosh OS, the widespread adoption of Microsoft Windows, and the rise of open-source systems like Linux.
  11. Discuss the impact of mobile computing on modern society.
    • Mobile computing has revolutionized how we interact with technology by providing constant connectivity and access to information. It has transformed communication, entertainment, business, and many other aspects of daily life.
  12. Explain the concept of cloud computing and its advantages.
    • Cloud computing allows users to store and access data and applications over the Internet instead of on local hardware. Advantages include scalability, cost efficiency, flexibility, and accessibility from anywhere with an Internet connection.
  13. What advancements in computing are driven by artificial intelligence and machine learning?
    • AI and machine learning drive advancements in natural language processing, image recognition, autonomous vehicles, predictive analytics, and many other fields. They enable computers to learn from data and make decisions or predictions.
  14. How has quantum computing the potential to change the future of computing?
    • Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems much faster than classical computers by leveraging quantum bits (qubits). It could revolutionize fields such as cryptography, materials science, and complex simulations.
  15. What are the key features of modern computer networks?
    • Key features include high-speed data transmission, robust security protocols, scalable architecture, support for various communication protocols, and redundancy for reliability.
  16. Discuss the role of cybersecurity in protecting digital information.
    • Cybersecurity involves protecting systems, networks, and data from digital attacks. It includes measures like encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular updates to protect against malware, hacking, and data breaches.
  17. What are the environmental impacts of computing, and how can they be mitigated?
    • The environmental impacts include energy consumption, e-waste, and resource depletion. Mitigation strategies involve improving energy efficiency, recycling electronic waste, and using sustainable materials.
  18. How has the development of software engineering principles improved software development?
    • Software engineering principles provide structured methodologies for developing, testing, and maintaining software. This improves software quality, reliability, and maintainability while reducing development time and costs.
  19. Explain the importance of open-source software in the computing industry.
    • Open-source software promotes collaboration and innovation by allowing anyone to view, modify, and distribute the source code. It has led to the development of widely used software like Linux, Apache, and many others.
  20. What are the ethical considerations in the field of computing?
    • Ethical considerations include issues like privacy, data security, digital rights, algorithmic bias, and the societal impact of automation and AI. Professionals must ensure that technology is used responsibly and ethically.

Chapter2: Types of Computer

1. Short Answer Questions

  1. What is a supercomputer?
    • A supercomputer is a high-performance computing machine designed to process large amounts of data at high speeds.
  2. Define a mainframe computer.
    • A mainframe computer is a large, powerful system used primarily by large organizations for bulk data processing and critical applications.
  3. What is a microcomputer?
    • A microcomputer is a small, personal computer used by individuals for various applications.
  4. What are embedded computers?
    • Embedded computers are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems.
  5. What is a minicomputer?
    • A minicomputer is a midsize computer that is more powerful than a microcomputer but less powerful than a mainframe.
  6. What are workstations used for?
    • Workstations are high-performance computers designed for technical or scientific applications.
  7. What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
    • A PDA is a handheld device that combines computing, telephone, fax, and networking features.
  8. What is the primary use of servers?
    • Servers are used to manage network resources and provide services to other computers on the network.
  9. What is the difference between a laptop and a desktop computer?
    • A laptop is a portable computer with an integrated screen and keyboard, while a desktop computer is designed to be stationary with separate components.
  10. What is the function of a tablet computer?
    • A tablet computer is a portable device with a touchscreen interface used for browsing the internet, media consumption, and other applications.
  11. Define a gaming console.
    • A gaming console is a specialized computer system designed primarily for playing video games.
  12. What is an example of a wearable computer?
    • Examples of wearable computers include smartwatches and fitness trackers.
  13. What is a cloud computer?
    • A cloud computer refers to virtualized computing resources provided over the Internet.
  14. What is the role of a thin client?
    • A thin client is a lightweight computer that relies on a server for processing power and storage.
  15. How is a Chromebook different from other laptops?
    • A Chromebook runs on Chrome OS and relies heavily on cloud-based applications and storage.
  16. What is the primary function of a network-attached storage (NAS) device?
    • A NAS device provides centralized data storage and access over a network.
  17. What is an Internet of Things (IoT) device?
    • An IoT device is a smart device connected to the internet, capable of collecting and sharing data.
  18. What are hybrid computers?
    • Hybrid computers combine features of both analog and digital computers.
  19. What is the primary use of a digital signal processor (DSP)?
    • A DSP is used to measure, filter, and compress analog signals.
  20. What is a quantum computer?
    • A quantum computer uses quantum bits to perform complex calculations at much higher speeds than classical computers.

2. Fill in the Blanks

  1. Supercomputers are used for ___.
    • complex scientific calculations.
  2. Mainframe computers are known for their ___ and ___.
    • reliability, scalability.
  3. Microcomputers are also known as ___.
    • personal computers (PCs).
  4. ___ computers are embedded within other devices to perform specific functions.
    • Embedded.
  5. ___ are midsize computers between microcomputers and mainframes.
    • Minicomputers.
  6. Workstations are commonly used for ___ and ___ applications.
    • technical, scientific.
  7. PDAs are handheld devices that combine ___, ___, and ___ features.
    • computing, telephone, networking.
  8. Servers provide ___ and ___ to other computers on a network.
    • services, resources.
  9. A ___ is a portable computer with an integrated screen and keyboard.
    • laptop.
  10. Tablets use a ___ interface for user interaction.
    • touchscreen.
  11. Gaming consoles are specialized for playing ___.
    • video games.
  12. Wearable computers include devices like ___ and ___.
    • smartwatches, fitness trackers.
  13. Cloud computers provide ___ resources over the Internet.
    • virtualized.
  14. Thin clients rely on a ___ for processing power and storage.
    • server.
  15. Chromebooks run on ___ OS and rely on cloud-based applications.
    • Chrome.
  16. NAS devices provide ___ data storage and access over a network.
    • centralized.
  17. IoT devices are connected to the ___ and share ___.
    • internet, data.
  18. Hybrid computers combine features of both ___ and ___ computers.
    • analog, digital.
  19. DSPs are used to ___, ___, and ___ analog signals.
    • measure, filter, compress.
  20. Quantum computers use ___ to perform complex calculations.
    • quantum bits.

3. Full Forms

  1. PC
    • Personal Computer.
  2. CPU
    • Central Processing Unit.
  3. GPU
    • Graphics Processing Unit.
  4. RAM
    • Random Access Memory.
  5. ROM
    • Read-Only Memory.
  6. PDA
    • Personal Digital Assistant.
  7. NAS
    • Network-Attached Storage.
  8. IoT
    • Internet of Things.
  9. DSP
    • Digital Signal Processor.
  10. USB
    • Universal Serial Bus.
  11. LAN
    • Local Area Network.
  12. WAN
    • Wide Area Network.
  13. HDMI
    • High-Definition Multimedia Interface.
  14. SSD
    • Solid State Drive.
  15. CD-ROM
    • Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
  16. DVD
    • Digital Versatile Disc.
  17. AI
    • Artificial Intelligence.
  18. VR
    • Virtual Reality.
  19. AR
    • Augmented Reality.
  20. VLSI
    • Very Large Scale Integration.

Chapter3: More on Computer Software

1. Short Answer Questions

  1. What is system software?
    • System software is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
  2. Define application software.
    • Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks such as word processing or browsing the internet.
  3. What is an operating system?
    • An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
  4. What is utility software?
    • Utility software is designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain a computer.
  5. What is a programming language?
    • A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions used to produce various kinds of output.
  6. Define open-source software.
    • Open-source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.
  7. What is proprietary software?
    • Proprietary software is software that is owned by an individual or a company and has restrictions on its use, modification, and distribution.
  8. What is the purpose of a database management system (DBMS)?
    • A DBMS is software for creating, managing, and manipulating databases.
  9. What is a software suite?
    • A software suite is a collection of related software programs bundled together.
  10. What is an example of system software?
    • An example of system software is an operating system like Windows or macOS.
  11. Name an example of application software.
    • Microsoft Word is an example of application software.
  12. What is middleware?
    • Middleware is software that provides common services and capabilities to applications outside of what's offered by the operating system.
  13. What is a web browser?
    • A web browser is application software used to access and view websites.
  14. What is firmware?
    • Firmware is software programmed into the read-only memory of a hardware device.
  15. What is antivirus software?
    • Antivirus software is designed to detect and remove malware from a computer system.
  16. What is a software license?
    • A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software.
  17. What is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?
    • An IDE is software that provides comprehensive facilities to programmers for software development.
  18. What is cloud-based software?
    • Cloud-based software is software that is hosted on remote servers and accessed over the internet.
  19. What is SaaS (Software as a Service)?
    • SaaS is a software distribution model where applications are hosted by a service provider and made available to customers over the internet.
  20. What is a software update?
    • A software update is a new, improved, or fixed version of software that replaces the old version.

2. Fill in the Blanks

  1. The ___ manages computer hardware and software resources.
    • operating system.
  2. Utility software helps to ___, ___, ___, or ___ a computer.
    • analyze, configure, optimize, maintain.
  3. Open-source software allows anyone to ___, ___, and ___ the source code.
    • inspect, modify, enhance.
  4. A DBMS stands for ___.
    • Database Management System.
  5. A software suite is a collection of ___ software programs.
    • related.
  6. An example of system software is the ___.
    • operating system.
  7. Microsoft Word is an example of ___ software.
    • application.
  8. Middleware provides common services to applications outside of the ___.
    • operating system.
  9. A web browser is used to access and view ___.
    • websites.
  10. Firmware is programmed into the ___ memory of a device.
    • read-only.
  11. Antivirus software detects and removes ___ from a computer system.
    • malware.
  12. A software license governs the ___ or ___ of software.
    • use, redistribution.
  13. An IDE provides comprehensive facilities for ___ development.
    • software.
  14. Cloud-based software is accessed over the ___.
    • internet.
  15. SaaS stands for ___.
    • Software as a Service.
  16. A software update replaces the ___ version with a new one.
    • old.
  17. Proprietary software has restrictions on its ___, ___, and ___.
    • use, modification, distribution.
  18. A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of ___.
    • instructions.
  19. An operating system provides ___ services for computer programs.
    • common.
  20. Utility software helps to ___ a computer.
    • maintain.

3. Full Forms

  1. OS
    • Operating System.
  2. DBMS
    • Database Management System.
  3. IDE
    • Integrated Development Environment.
  4. SaaS
    • Software as a Service.
  5. GUI
    • Graphical User Interface.
  6. API
    • Application Programming Interface.
  7. ERP
    • Enterprise Resource Planning.
  8. CRM
    • Customer Relationship Management.
  9. BI
    • Business Intelligence.
  10. HTML
    • HyperText Markup Language.
  11. CSS
    • Cascading Style Sheets.
  12. SQL
    • Structured Query Language.
  13. XML
    • eXtensible Markup Language.
  14. JSON
    • JavaScript Object Notation.
  15. FTP
    • File Transfer Protocol.
  16. HTTP
    • HyperText Transfer Protocol.
  17. HTTPS
    • HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure.
  18. DNS
    • Domain Name System.
  19. IP
    • Internet Protocol.
  20. P2P
    • Peer-to-Peer.

Chapter4: More on Number Systems

1. Short Answer Questions

  1. What is a number system?
    • A number system is a writing system for expressing numbers.
  2. What is the binary number system?
    • The binary number system uses only two digits, 0 and 1.
  3. Define the decimal number system.
    • The decimal number system uses ten digits from 0 to 9.
  4. What is the octal number system?
    • The octal number system uses eight digits from 0 to 7.
  5. What is the hexadecimal number system?
    • The hexadecimal number system uses sixteen digits from 0 to 9 and A to F.
  6. How is the binary number 1010 converted to decimal?
    • The binary number 1010 converts to 10 in decimal.
  7. Convert the decimal number 15 to binary.
    • The decimal number 15 converts to 1111 in binary.
  8. What is the base of the hexadecimal number system?
    • The base of the hexadecimal number system is 16.
  9. How do you represent the decimal number 255 in hexadecimal?
    • The decimal number 255 is represented as FF in hexadecimal.
  10. What is the value of the binary number 1101 in decimal?
    • The binary number 1101 is 13 in decimal.
  11. Convert the octal number 17 to binary.
    • The octal number 17 converts to 1111 in binary.
  12. What is the base of the binary number system?
    • The base of the binary number system is 2.
  13. Convert the binary number 1001 to hexadecimal.
    • The binary number 1001 converts to 9 in hexadecimal.
  14. How is the decimal number 100 represented in binary?
    • The decimal number 100 is represented as 1100100 in binary.
  15. What is the base of the octal number system?
    • The base of the octal number system is 8.
  16. Convert the hexadecimal number A3 to decimal.
    • The hexadecimal number A3 converts to 163 in decimal.
  17. What is the value of the octal number 20 in decimal?
    • The octal number 20 is 16 in decimal.
  18. Convert the binary number 1110 to octal.
    • The binary number 1110 converts to 16 in octal.
  19. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 7?
    • The binary equivalent of the decimal number 7 is 111.
  20. Convert the hexadecimal number 1F to binary.
    • The hexadecimal number 1F converts to 11111 in binary.

2. Fill in the Blanks

  1. The binary number system uses only ___ digits.
    • two.
  2. The decimal number system uses ___ digits from 0 to 9.
    • ten.
  3. The octal number system uses ___ digits from 0 to 7.
    • eight.
  4. The hexadecimal number system uses ___ digits from 0 to 9 and A to F.
    • sixteen.
  5. The base of the binary number system is ___.
    • 2.
  6. The base of the decimal number system is ___.
    • 10.
  7. The base of the octal number system is ___.
    • 8.
  8. The base of the hexadecimal number system is ___.
    • 16.
  9. The binary number 1010 converts to ___ in decimal.
    • 10.
  10. The decimal number 15 converts to ___ in binary.
    • 1111.
  11. The binary number 1101 converts to ___ in decimal.
    • 13.
  12. The decimal number 255 is represented as ___ in hexadecimal.
    • FF.
  13. The octal number 17 converts to ___ in binary.
    • 1111.
  14. The hexadecimal number A3 converts to ___ in decimal.
    • 163.
  15. The decimal number 100 is represented as ___ in binary.
    • 1100100.
  16. The octal number 20 is ___ in decimal.
    • 16.
  17. The binary number 1110 converts to ___ in octal.
    • 16.
  18. The decimal number 7 is represented as ___ in binary.
    • 111.
  19. The hexadecimal number 1F converts to ___ in binary.
    • 11111.
  20. The binary number 1001 converts to ___ in hexadecimal.
    • 9.

3. Full Forms

  1. BCD
    • Binary-Coded Decimal.
  2. ASCII
    • American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
  3. EBCDIC
    • Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
  4. MSB
    • Most Significant Bit.
  5. LSB
    • Least Significant Bit.
  6. IEEE
    • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  7. FLOPS
    • Floating Point Operations Per Second.
  8. GIGO
    • Garbage In, Garbage Out.
  9. IC
    • Integrated Circuit.
  10. ALU
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit.
  11. CPU
    • Central Processing Unit.
  12. RAM
    • Random Access Memory.
  13. ROM
    • Read-Only Memory.
  14. URL
    • Uniform Resource Locator.
  15. HTTP
    • HyperText Transfer Protocol.
  16. FTP
    • File Transfer Protocol.
  17. BIOS
    • Basic Input/Output System.
  18. GUI
    • Graphical User Interface.
  19. LAN
    • Local Area Network.
  20. WAN
    • Wide Area Network.

5. Converting (from Number System - Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide)

  1. Binary Addition: 1010 + 1101
    • Result: 10111.
  2. Binary Subtraction: 1101 - 1010
    • Result: 0011.
  3. Binary Multiplication: 101 × 11
    • Result: 1111.
  4. Binary Division: 1010 ÷ 10
    • Result: 101.
  5. Decimal Addition: 25 + 30
    • Result: 55.
  6. Decimal Subtraction: 45 - 15
    • Result: 30.
  7. Decimal Multiplication: 7 × 6
    • Result: 42.
  8. Decimal Division: 50 ÷ 5
    • Result: 10.
  9. Octal Addition: 17 + 20
    • Result: 37.
  10. Octal Subtraction: 35 - 12
    • Result: 21.
  11. Octal Multiplication: 7 × 5
    • Result: 35.
  12. Octal Division: 64 ÷ 4
    • Result: 20.
  13. Hexadecimal Addition: A + 5
    • Result: F.
  14. Hexadecimal Subtraction: 1F - 9
    • Result: 16.
  15. Hexadecimal Multiplication: B × 2
    • Result: 16.
  16. Hexadecimal Division: 20 ÷ 4
    • Result: 8.
  17. Binary to Decimal: 1010
    • Result: 10.
  18. Decimal to Binary: 19
    • Result: 10011.
  19. Octal to Binary: 7
    • Result: 111.
  20. Hexadecimal to Decimal: 1A
    • Result: 26.

6. Calculate the following from number system

  1. Binary to Decimal: 1111
    • Result: 15.
  2. Decimal to Binary: 28
    • Result: 11100.
  3. Octal to Binary: 12
    • Result: 1010.
  4. Hexadecimal to Binary: 1C
    • Result: 11100.
  5. Binary to Hexadecimal: 110101
    • Result: 35.
  6. Decimal to Octal: 29
    • Result: 35.
  7. Octal to Decimal: 54
    • Result: 44.
  8. Hexadecimal to Decimal: 2F
    • Result: 47.
  9. Binary to Octal: 11011
    • Result: 33.
  10. Decimal to Hexadecimal: 255
    • Result: FF.
  11. Octal to Hexadecimal: 77
    • Result: 3F.
  12. Hexadecimal to Binary: B2
    • Result: 10110010.
  13. Binary to Decimal: 10101
    • Result: 21.
  14. Decimal to Binary: 37
    • Result: 100101.
  15. Octal to Binary: 23
    • Result: 10011.
  16. Hexadecimal to Binary: 3D
    • Result: 111101.
  17. Binary to Hexadecimal: 1110
    • Result: E.
  18. Decimal to Octal: 49
    • Result: 61.
  19. Octal to Decimal: 62
    • Result: 50.
  20. Hexadecimal to Decimal: A1
    • Result: 161.

Chapter5: More on Operating Systems

1. Short Answer Questions

  1. What is an operating system?
    • An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
  2. What are the primary functions of an operating system?
    • The primary functions include managing hardware resources, providing a user interface, and enabling the execution of applications.
  3. What is a multi-user operating system?
    • A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a single system simultaneously.
  4. Define a real-time operating system (RTOS).
    • An RTOS is designed to process data as it comes in, typically used in embedded systems.
  5. What is a distributed operating system?
    • A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single computer.
  6. What is the difference between a monolithic kernel and a microkernel?
    • A monolithic kernel includes all operating system services in one large block, while a microkernel only includes the essential services, with others running in user space.
  7. What is virtual memory?
    • Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources."
  8. What is the purpose of a device driver?
    • A device driver allows the operating system to communicate with hardware devices.
  9. What is the difference between CLI and GUI?
    • CLI (Command Line Interface) uses text-based commands, while GUI (Graphical User Interface) uses visual elements like windows and icons.
  10. What is a file system?
    • A file system organizes and manages files and directories on a storage device.
  11. What is process scheduling?
    • Process scheduling is the method by which an OS decides which processes run at what times.
  12. What is a deadlock in operating systems?
    • A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release resources.
  13. What is paging in operating systems?
    • Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory.
  14. What is a time-sharing operating system?
    • A time-sharing operating system allows multiple users to share computer resources simultaneously.
  15. What is the function of a bootloader?
    • A bootloader loads the operating system into memory when the computer is started.
  16. What is a kernel in an operating system?
    • The kernel is the core component of an operating system that manages system resources and communication between hardware and software.
  17. What is the purpose of an interrupt in an operating system?
    • An interrupt signals the processor to handle an event or execute a high-priority process.
  18. What is a shell in an operating system?
    • A shell is a user interface that provides access to the services of the operating system.
  19. What is the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling?
    • Preemptive scheduling allows the operating system to interrupt and switch processes, while non-preemptive scheduling runs a process to completion before starting another.
  20. What is a hypervisor?
    • A hypervisor is software that creates and manages virtual machines on a host system.

2. Fill in the Blanks

  1. An operating system is ___ software.
    • system.
  2. The primary functions of an OS include managing ___ resources and providing a ___ interface.
    • hardware, user.
  3. A multi-user operating system allows ___ users to access a single system simultaneously.
    • multiple.
  4. An RTOS is designed to process data as it ___.
    • comes in.
  5. A distributed operating system manages a group of ___ computers.
    • independent.
  6. A monolithic kernel includes all OS services in one ___ block.
    • large.
  7. A microkernel includes only the ___ services.
    • essential.
  8. Virtual memory provides an ___ abstraction of storage resources.
    • idealized.
  9. A device driver allows the OS to communicate with ___ devices.
    • hardware.
  10. CLI stands for ___.
    • Command Line Interface.
  11. GUI stands for ___.
    • Graphical User Interface.
  12. A file system organizes and manages ___ on a storage device.
    • files and directories.
  13. Process scheduling decides which ___ run at what times.
    • processes.
  14. A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to ___.
    • proceed.
  15. Paging eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of ___ memory.
    • physical.
  16. A time-sharing OS allows multiple users to share computer resources ___.
    • simultaneously.
  17. A bootloader loads the ___ into memory.
    • operating system.
  18. The kernel is the ___ component of an OS.
    • core.
  19. An interrupt signals the ___ to handle an event.
    • processor.
  20. A shell is a user interface that provides access to OS ___.
    • services.

3. Full Forms

  1. OS
    • Operating System.
  2. RTOS
    • Real-Time Operating System.
  3. CLI
    • Command Line Interface.
  4. GUI
    • Graphical User Interface.
  5. VM
    • Virtual Memory.
  6. DMA
    • Direct Memory Access.
  7. I/O
    • Input/Output.
  8. FS
    • File System.
  9. CPU
    • Central Processing Unit.
  10. RAM
    • Random Access Memory.
  11. ROM
    • Read-Only Memory.
  12. PCB
    • Process Control Block.
  13. MMU
    • Memory Management Unit.
  14. SMP
    • Symmetric Multiprocessing.
  15. IPC
    • Inter-Process Communication.
  16. SJF
    • Shortest Job First.
  17. FIFO
    • First In First Out.
  18. LIFO
    • Last In First Out.
  19. NIC
    • Network Interface Card.
  20. SCSI
    • Small Computer System Interface.

 

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